Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology,13th Edition by John Edward Hall PDF free download

Topics: Medical Physiology, Cell Signaling, Membrane Transport, Membrane Potential, Physiologic Regulation, plasma membrane structure, Solute Transport Mechanisms, Resting Membrane Potential, cellular signaling, neuromuscular physiology, nervous function, nervous system, action potential synaptic transmission, neurotransmission, Sensory Physiology, sensory system, somatosensory system, visual system, auditory system, vestibular system, Gustatory Systems, Olfactory Systems, motor system, autonomic nervous system, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Sympathetic Nervous System, Autonomic Integration, Hypothalamus, Brain Electrical Activity, Higher Cognitive Skills, Skeletal Smooth Muscle, Smooth Muscle, Motor Neurons, Excitation, Skeletal Muscle Metabolism, Skeletal Muscle Contraction, Muscle Plasticity, Epigenetics, Endocrine Muscle, Smooth Muscle, blood immunology, blood composition, blood function, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelet Formation, Blood Cell Formation, Blood Clotting, Immunology, Organ Interaction, Homeostasis, Immune System Activation, Immune Detection System, Immune System Defenses, Acute Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation, Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Organ Transplantation, Immunology, Immunologic Disorders, Neuroendoimmunology, cardiovascular physiology, Hemodynamics, Cardiac Muscle Mechanics, Cardiac Pump, Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Excitation–Contraction Coupling, Cardiac Performance, Cardiac Output, Systemic Circulation, Arterial Pressure Measurement, Central Blood Volume, Microcirculation, Lymphatic System, Coronary Circulation, Cerebral Circulation, Hepatic Circulation, Skeletal Muscle Circulation, Cutaneous Circulation, Fetal Circulation, Placental Circulation, Circulatory Shock, respiratory physiology, ventilation, Spirometry, Lung Volumes, Minute Ventilation, Airway Resistance, Gas Transfer, Diffusing Capacity, Pulmonary Circulation, Ventilation, body fluids, Kidney Function, nephron, Renal Blood Flow, Glomerular Filtration, Glomerular Hemodynamic Forces, Tubular Reabsorption, Tubule Secretion, Urinary Concentration Mechanisms, Electrolyte Balance, fluid balance, Acid–Base Homeostasis, gastrointestinal physiology, Salivary Secretion, Gastric Secretion, Pancreatic Secretion, Biliary Secretion, Intestinal Secretion, Carbohydrate Digestion, Carbohydrate Absorption, Water Absorption, Electrolyte Absorption, Mineral Absorption, Vitamin Absorption, Liver Functions, Immune Surveillance, Gastrointestinal Regulation, temperature regulation, exercise physiology, Heat Dissipation, Thermoregulatory Control, Heat Acclimatization, endocrine physiology, Endocrine Control Mechanisms, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Hormone Synthesis, Adrenal Gland, Adrenal Medulla Catecholamines, Endocrine Pancreas, Islets of Langerhans, Islet Hormone Synthesis, Insulin, Glucagon Action, Diabetes Mellitus, Plasma Calcium, Phosphate Regulation, Bone Dysfunction, reproductive physiology, Male Reproductive System, Testicular Function

Topics: Body Planes, Surface Anatomy, Lymphatic System, vein, artery, skin, Pilosebaceous Unit, skeletal system, Appendicular Skeleton, Joint, bone, Muscular System, Gastrointestinal System, Endocrine System, neuron, synapse, Peripheral nerve, head, neck, Superficial Arteries, ligament, skul, calvaria, cranial base, foramina, Pterygoid Fossae, mandible, Temporomandibular Joint, Cervical Vertebrae, Craniocervical Ligament, Cervical Fasciae, Infrahyoid, Suprahyoid Muscle, Cervical Muscle, Carotid Artery, nose, nasal region, nasal cavity, nasal septum, Bony Nasal Septum, Paranasal Sinus, Salivary Glands, Facial Nerve Branch, Parotid Gland, Mastication, Maxillary Artery, Proximal Maxillary, Superficial Temporal Artery, Mandibular Nerve, Infratemporal Fossa, Ophthalmic nerve, Maxillary nerve, Oral Cavity, tongue, fauces, teeth, Pharynx, Pharyngeal Region, Thyroid Gland, Larynx, Parathyroid Gland, Eyelid, Lacrimal Apparatus, Extrinsic Eye Muscle, orbit, eyeball, lens, ear, Tympanic Cavity, Cochlea, Membranous Labyrinth, bony Labyrinth, Meninges, Diploic Veins, Meningeal Arteries, Meninges Veins, Superficial Cerebral Veins, Dural Venous Sinus, Dural Venous Sinus, brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Basal Nuclei, Ganglia, Thalamus, Hippocampus, Fornix, brain stem, Cerebellum, Cranial Nerve, Cervical Nerve, Olfactory Nerve, Optic Nerve, Oculomotor Nerve, Trochlear Nerve, Abducens Nerve, Trigeminal Nerve, Facial Nerve, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Glossopharyngeal Nerve, Vagus Nerve, Accessory Nerve, Hypoglossal Nerve, Cervical Plexus, Autonomic Nerve, Ciliary Ganglion, Pterygopalatine, Submandibular Ganglia, Otic Ganglion, Taste Pathways, Cerebral Vasculature, Cerebral Arterial Circle of Willis, Hypothalamus, Hypophysis, Cranial Imaging, back, spinal cord, Vertebral Column, Thoracic Vertebrae, Lumbar Vertebrae, Vertebrae, Sacrum, Coccyx, Vertebral Ligaments, Anterior Rami, Dermatomes, Sympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Spinal Meninges, Nerve Roots, Spinal Nerve Origin, Vertebral Veins, Suboccipital Triangle, Muscles of Back, Thoracic Spinal Nerve, Mammary Gland, thorax, Lung, body wall, heart, Mediastinum

Topics: cell physiology, cell membrane, Membrane potential, genetics, Systemic Physiology, general Physiology, Nerve Muscle Physiology, Blood, Immune System, Cardiovascular System, Respiratory System, Excretory System, Gastrointestinal System, Endocrinal System, Reproductive System, Nervous System, Special Senses, Specialized Integrative Physiology, Geriatric physiology, growth, behavioural development, body temperature regulation, environmental physiology, exercise, sports, Chemical senses, Sense of hearing, Sense of vision, spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, Autonomic nervous system, Meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood–brain barrier, cerebral blood flow, Synaptic transmission, Somatosensory system, Somatic motor system, Limbic system, Reticular formation

Topics: Cell, Nerve, Excitable tissue, Muscle cells, Neurophysiology, Endocrine, Reproductive physiology, GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY, CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY, RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY, RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

Topics: domestic animals, cell, embryology, energy production, tissues, body cavities, body water, water balance, dehydration, blood, leukocytes, erythrocytes, iron metabolism, anemia, polycythemia, hemostasis, blood coagulation, plasma, nervous system, nerve impulse, reflexes, meninges, nervous system, cerebrospinal fluid, central nervous system metabolism, sensory organs, Sensory Receptors, Sensory Receptor Responses, pain, taste, smell, hearing, vision, endocrine system, hormones, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreatic gland, prostaglandins, bones, joints, synovial fluid, bone structure, bone formation, bone repair, Skeletal-Muscle Harnessing, muscle, Skeletal-Muscle Contraction, cardiovascular system, heart, pericardium, blood vessels, lymphatic system, spleen, cardiac contractility, electrocardiogram, heart sounds, heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow, capillary dynamics, respiratory system, respiratory apparatus, pulmonary ventilation, oxygen transport, carbon dioxide transport, respiratory clearance, Avian respiration, urinary system, Glomerular Filtration, Nephron, Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation, aldosterone, micturition, Renal Clearance, Avian Urinary System, Acid–Base Balance maintenance, digestion, absorption, oral cavity, pharynx, intestines, accessory organs, Gastrointestinal Motility, Ruminant Stomach, Ruminant Metabolism, Ruminant Digestion, body temperature, body heat, hibernation, Hypothermia, Hyperthermia, male reproduction, penis, Spermatogenesis, erection, female reproduction, Ovarian Follicle Activity, Sexual Receptivity, Estrous Cycle, pregnancy, parturition, lactation, Mammogenesis, Lactogenesis, Milk Removal, milk composition

Topics: cell, Neurophysiology, Endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, Acid-Base balance, sodium balance, water balance

Topics: Homeostasis, Cell Physiology, Plasma Membrane, Membrane Potential, neural communication, hormonal communication, Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Afferent Division, Special Senses, Efferent Division, Muscle Physiology, Cardiac Physiology, Blood Vessels, Blood Pressure, blood, body defenses, Respiratory System, Urinary System, Fluid balance, Acid–Base Balance, Digestive System, Energy Balance, Temperature Regulation, Endocrinology, Central Endocrine Glands, Peripheral Endocrine Glands, Reproductive System

Topics: Antigens antibodies, Immune response, innate immunity, genetic immunity, acquired immunity, Naturally Acquired Active Immunity, Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity, Artificially Acquired Immunity, Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity, serum, antiserum, serology, gamma globulins, serum sickness, Humoral Immunity, Antibody-Mediated immunity, epitopes, Antibody Structure, Immunoglobulin Classes, clonal selection, Apoptosis, antibody binding, Immunological Memory, T Cells, cell mediated immunity, Cytotoxic T Cells, Destroy target cells, Cytotoxic T Cells Lyse Infected Cells, Delayed Hypersensitivity T Cells, T Suppressor Cells, Activated Macrophages, Stimulated phagocytes, Natural Killer Cells, Antibody Production, T-Dependent Antigens, Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity

Topics: Hormone Action, Endocrine Disorders, Endocrine Disease, Neuroendocrinology, Pituitary Physiology, Pituitary Masses, Pituitary Tumors, Posterior Pituitary, Thyroid Physiology, Hyperthyroid Disorders, Hypothyroidism, Thyroiditis, Nontoxic Diffuse Goiter, Nodular Thyroid Disorders, Thyroid Malignancies, Adrenal Cortex, Endocrine Hypertension, Female Reproductive Axis, Hormonal Contraception, Testicular Disorders, Sexual Dysfunction, Transgender Endocrinology, Fetal Development, Sex Development, Puberty, Hormones, Athletic Performance, Aging, Mineral Metabolism, Osteoporosis, Rickets, Osteomalacia, Kidney Stones, Insulin Secretion, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypoglycemia, Obesity, Lipid Metabolism, POLYENDOCRINE DISORDERS, NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Immunoendocrinopathy Syndromes, Endocrinology of HIV/AIDS, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Endocrinology of Cancer Survivors

Topics: Cell, cell junctions, Cell membrane, Homeostasis, Acid-Base Balance, Blood, Body fluids, Muscle, Digestive system, Renal, Skin Endocrinology, Reproductive system, Respiratory system, Nervous system, special senses

Topics: Cell Injury, Cellular Adaptations, Cellular Ageing, Immunopathology, Amyloidosis, immune system, immunity, inflammation, healing, infectious disease, parasitic diseases, neoplasia, environmental disease, nutritional disease, genetic diseases, paediatric diseases, Haematopoietic System, Disorders of Erythroid Series, Disorders of Platelets, Bleeding Disorders, Transfusion Medicine, Disorders of Leucocytes, Lymphoreticular Tissues, Blood Vessels, Lymphatics, systemic pathology, heart, VASCULITIS, ANEURYSMS, heart failure, Congenital heart disease, Ischaemic heart disease, Hypertensive heart disease, Cor pulmonale, Rheumatic fever, RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE, NON-BACTERIAL THROMBOTIC ENDOCARDITIS, MYOCARDIAL DISEASES, PERICARDIAL DISEASES, PAEDIATRIC LUNG DISEASE, PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE, PULMONARY INFECTIONS, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC RESTRICTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, lung tumor, DISEASES OF PLEURA, eye, ear, ENT, Neck, Oral Cavity, Salivary Glands, ORAL SOFT TISSUES, TEETH, PERIODONTAL TISSUES, Gastrointestinal Tract, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, appendix, large bowel, peritoneum, Liver, Biliary Tract, Exocrine Pancreas, Kidney, Lower Urinary Tract, Male Reproductive System, Prostate, TESTIS, EPIDIDYMIS, penis, Female Genital Tract, MYOMETRIUM, ENDOMETRIUM, fallopian tube, ovary, plcenta, NON-NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS, breast tumor, Dermatosis, DERMATOSES, tumors, tumor-like lesion, skin, PITUITARY GLAND, adrenal GLAND, thyroid, parathyroid GLAND, endocrine pancreas, endocrine system, skeletal system, joints, skeletal muscles, Soft Tissue Tumours, nervous system, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

Topics: Blood, plasma, Erythropoiesis, Lymphopoiesis, Myelopoiesis, Granulopoiesis, Megakaryocytopoiesis, megakaryocytes, serum, Red blood cells, Red blood cell morphology, hemoglobin, Jaundice, Erythroprotein, Hemopoietic growth factor, interlukin, blood group, rhesus factor, chromosome, RH blood group, RH incompatibility, Lewis antigen, Kell system, platelets, Thrombus formation, Thromboxane A2 synthesis, Thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, aspirin, white blood cells, Leukocytes, Granulocyte, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Leucopoiesis, Macrophages, Diapedesis, chemotaxis, Phagocytosis, Anaemia, Erythrocytes, hemolytic, hemostasis, clotting, blood clot, fibrinogen, hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, thrombus, embolus, immunity, Innate immunity, Acquired Immunity, immunoglobulin, immune response, Humoral immunity, Cell mediated immunity

Topics: Biochemistry, Water, Buffers, Acid-Base Chemistry, carbohydrates, Polysaccharides, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, Peptides, proteins, collagen, elastin, glycoproteins, plasma proteins, Immunoglobulins, enzymes, enzyme catalysis, Enzyme Kinetics, enzyme activity, Isoenzymes, cell structure, Biological Membranes, metabolism, bioenergetics, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Uronic Acid Pathway, Lipid Metabolism, Adipose Tissue Metabolism, Lipoproteins, Fatty Liver Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, Prostaglandins, Amino Acid Metabolism, Protein Metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, Electron Transport Chain, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Mitochondrial Membrane Transporters, Mitochondrial Myopathies, Diabetes Mellitus, Porphyrin, Bile Pigments, haem, Jaundice, Haemoglobin, Myoglobin, Haemoglobinopathies, anaemias, vitamins, Water-soluble Vitamins, Fat-soluble Vitamins, minerals, Mineral Deficiency, Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Nucleotide Metabolism, Purine Metabolism, nucleotides, Pyrimidine Metabolism, Molecular Biology, DNA Structure, Genetic Role, Genetic Replication, Genetic Recombination, genetic code, protein targeting, Prokaryotic Gene Expression, Molecular Genetics, genetic diseases, Eukaryotic Chromosome, Gene Expression, DNA Amplification, DNA Cloning, Blotting Techniques, Nucleotide Probes, DNA Library, Recombinant DNA Technology, Genetic Engineering, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Gastrointestinal Pathobiochemistry, digestion, absorption, organ function test, liver function test, Free Radical Scavenger Systems, free radicals, energy metabolism, energy nutrition, calorific values, balanced diet, Biochemical Endocrinology, Hormone Receptors, neurotransmitters, hormones, Hypothalamus-pituitary System, Hypothalamic Hormones, Gastrointestinal Hormones, androgens, oestrogens, progesterone, Calcium, phosphorus, cancer, Oncoproteins, immunology, Tumor Markers, Antigens, Immunogens, immune system, immune responses, Immunoglobulins, Immunological Techniques, Immunologic Dysfunction, thyroid function tests, adrenal function tests, renal function tests

Topics: Pathophysiology, cell structure, cell function, inflammation, inflammatory response, fever, cell proliferation, tissue regeneration, tissue repair, genetic control, genetic disorders, congenital disorders, neoplasia, integrative body functions, acid-base balance, electrolyte disorder, fluid disorder, stress, adaptation, hematopoietic function, red blood cells disorders, infection, immunity, infectious disease, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, immune response, circulatory function, blood flow, blood pressure, cardiac function, heart failure, circulatory shock, respiratory function, respiratory tract infections, neoplasms, childhood disorder, gas exchange, kidney function, urinary tract function, renal function, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, gastrointestinal function, hepatobiliary function, exocrine pancreas function, endocrine system, endocrine control, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, nervous system, neural function, somatosensory function, pain, headache, neuromuscular function, brain function, vision, hearing, vestibular function, genitourinary function, reproductive function, male genitourinary system, female genitourinary system, sexually transmitted infections, musculoskeletal function, trauma, skeletal system, rheumatic disorders, skin integrity, skin function

Topics: genome, Noncoding DNA, Histone Organization, Micro-RNA, Long Noncoding RNA, gene editing, CELLULAR HOUSEKEEPING, plasma membrane, Passive Membrane Diffusion, cytoskeleton, cell-cell interactions, biosynthetic machinery, waste disposal, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial function, cellular activation, cell signaling, signal transduction pathway, modular signaling proteins, transcription factors, extracellular matrix, Proliferation, Cell Cycle, stem cells, regenerative medicine, genetics, epigenetics, cell injury, cell death, reversible cell injury, necrosis, apoptosis, tissue necrosis, autophagy, hypoxia, ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, DNA damage, inflammation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, intracellular accumulations, pathologic calcification, cellular aging, Chemotaxis of Leukocytes, MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION, Vasoactive Amines, Histamine, Serotonin, Arachidonic Acid Metabolites, Prostaglandins, Lipoxins, Leukotrienes, Cytokines, Chemokines, complement system, kinins, neuropeptides, serous inflammation, fibrinous inflammation, purulent inflammation, ulcer, chronic inflammation, Liver Regeneration, tissue repair, cell Regeneration, tissue Regeneration, Angiogenesis, Hyperemia, congestion, edema, Increased Hydrostatic Pressure, Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure, Lymphatic Obstruction, Sodium and Water Retention, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, platelets, coagulation cascade, Endothelial Injury, Abnormal Blood Flow, Hypercoagulability, Venous Thrombosis, Phlebothrombosis, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Pulmonary Thromboembolism, embolism, Systemic Thromboembolism, Fat Embolism, Amniotic Fluid Embolism, Air Embolism, infarction, shock, immune response, innate immunity, toll-loke receptors, adaptive immunity, T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Dendritic Cells, Lymphoid Tissues, Peripheral Lymphoid Organs, cytokines, Cell-Mediated Immunity, Humoral Immunity, hypersensistivity, Antibody-Mediated Diseases, Immune Complex–Mediated Diseases, immune complex

Topics: Statistical methodologies, laboratory medicine, quality management, medical laboratory, Preanalytical Variation, Preexamination Process, Analytical Examination Process, Biological Variation, Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine, Biobanking, Enzyme, Rate Analysis, proteomics, Microfabrication, Microfluidics, cytometry, point-of-care testing, amino acids, peptides, proteins, serum enzymes, tumor markers, kidney function tests, carbohydrates, Cardiovascular Risk, lipid, lipoprotein, Electrolytes, Blood Gases, Analytes, hormones, vitamins, trace elements, hemoglobin, iron, bilirubin, porphyrins, porphyrias, therapeutic drugs, Optical Techniques, electrochemistry, chemical sensors, electrophoresis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, clinical toxicology, toxic elements, body fluids, molecular biology, pathophysiology, hematology, coagulation, microbiology, transfusion medicine, genomes, variants, nucleic acid isolation, genetics, solid tumor genomics, Hematopoietic Malignancies, Circulating Tumor Cells, Circulating Tumor DNA, Prenatal Diagnostics, Pharmacogenetics, identity testing, thyroid disorders, Reproductive Endocrinology, newborn screening, inborn errors of metabolism, hemostasis, red blood cell morphology, clinical chemistry interface, automated hematology, bacteriology, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, mycoology, parasitology, virology, nutrition, diabetes mellitus, cardiac function, kidney disease, disorders of water, electrolytes, acid-basr metabolism, liver disease, gastric function, pancreatic function, intestinal function, monoamine-producing tumors, bone metabolism, mineral metabolism, Pituitary Function, adrenal cortex, blood groups, pretransfusion testing, red blood cell transfusion, blood components, blood donor screening, transfusion reactions

Topics: Cardiovascular System, Pericardium, Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium, Cardiac Muscle Tissue, Intercalated discs, Atrioventricular valves, Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, Coronary sinus, Foramen ovale, Pectinate muscles, atrium, Right Ventricle, Right atrioventricular valve, Trabeculae carneae, Pulmonary Circuit, Conus arteriosus, pulmonary valve, Coronary Arteries, Coronary circulation, Coronary Artery, Arterial Anastomoses, cardiac vein, Heart Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, Angina pectoris, Myocardial infarction, heart attack, Cardiac Cycle, Conducting System, electrocardiogram, Automaticity, Conducting Cells, Sinoatrial Node, heart node, Atrioventricular Node, Abnormal Pacemaker Function, Purkinje Fibers, Contractile Cells, Refractory Period, Cardiac Contractions, Cardiodynamics, Cardiovascular regulation, Atrial Reflex, Bainbridge reflex, Cardiac Cycle, heart rate

Topics: Osmolality, body fluid compartment, Body Water Content, Fluid Compartments, Electrolyte Concentration, Extracellular Fluids, Intracellular Fluids, Water Balance, ECF Osmolality, Body fluid Osmolality, Regulation of Water Output, Influence of ADH, Disorders of Water Balance, Edema, Electrolyte Balance, Central Role of Sodium, Regulation of Sodium Balance, Aldosterone, Regulation of Potassium Balance, Influence of Plasma Potassium Concentration

Topics: Animal Reproduction Physiology, digestive system, Carbohydrates, fiber, protein, fats, vitamins, Nerve Regulators, hormone regulators, reproductive system, reproduction, male reproductive anatomy, lactation, nervous system, Glial Cells, muscular system, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, circulatory system, Pulmonary circulation, heart, systemic circulation, Open circulatory system, artificial insemination, Electro-ejaculation, semen preservation, gametogenesis, fertilization pregnancy, Oestrous cycle, oogenesis, Salmonellosis, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

Topics: Neuroanatomy, Olfactory nerve, Optic nerve, Oculomotor nerve, Trochlear nerve, Trigeminal nerve, Abducent nerve, Facial nerve, Vestibulocochlear nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve, Vagus nerve, Accessory nerve, Hypoglossal nerve