Colligative properties lecture note by Ahmed abdulrahman PDF free download

Topics: temperature, temperature units, atomic mass, molar mass, molecular mass, relative atomic mass, emperical formula, chemical formula, limiting reactant, chemical reactions, gas, gas volume, pressure, standard atmospheric pressure, pressure measurement, gas law, Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay-lussac law, combined gas law, ideal gas, ideal gas law, kinetic theory, avogardo hypothesis, molar volume, gas volume, gas stoichiometry, thermochemistry, heat, heat capacity, calorimetry, energy, enthalphy, thermochemical reactions, atomic structure, particle, waves, Pauli principle, Periodic law, Aufbau principle, Electron configuration, Atomic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity, chemical bonding, molecular structure, ionic compounds, covalence, valence-bond representation, molecular-orbital representation, π BONDING, MULTICENTER π BONDS, coordination compounds, isomerism, solid, liquid, crystals, crystal forces, Ionic Radii, oxidation-reduction, oxidation number, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, ionic notation, balancing equations, concentration, concentration scales, concentration units, dilution, volumetric standard solutions, vapor pressure lowering, freezing-point lowering, boiling-point lowering, Boiling-point elevation, osmotic pressure, Law of distribution, isomerism, functional groups, organic chemistry, biochemistry, thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, Equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier's principle, acid, base, hydrolysis, buffer solution, indicators, weak polyprotic acids, tittration, complex ions, coordination complexes, electrochemistry, solubility product, electrical units, electrolysis, voltaic cells, standard half-cell potentials, free energy, Nonstandard potentials, rate of reactions, rate constant, energy of activation, Nuclear process, Binding energy, nuclear equations, radiochemistry

Topics: Matter, Kinetic theory, Gas laws, ideal gas, colligative properties, vapour pressure lowering, vanf hoff factor

Topics: Heat, thermodynamics, Enthalphy

Topics: atoms, radiation, atomic spectra, quantum theory, uncertainty principle, atomic orbitals, electron spin, hydrogen atom, chemical bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, VSEPR model, valence-bond theory, molecular orbital theory, Gas laws, gas density, molecular motion, real gases, liquid, solids, intermolecular forces, liquid structure, solid structure, liquid crystals, inorganic materials, metallic materials, hard materials, nanomaterials, thermodynamics, enthalpy, heating curves, Born-Haber cycle, bond enthalpies, entropy, Gibbs free energy, physical equilibria, solubility, colligative properties, binary liquid mixtures

Topics: Chemical Thermodynamics, mechanical systems equilibrium, perfect gas, energy, work, heat, temperature, temperature measurement, molecular motion, energy conservation, enthalpy, heat capacity, entropy, equilibrium, free energy, Gibbs free energy, phase equilibria, Clapeyron equation, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, chemical potential, Le Chatelier's principle, Hess's law, free-energy changes determination, Ellingham diagram, free-energy functions, ideal solution, ideal dilute solution, freezing-point depression, osmotic pressure, solid solubility, electrochemical cells, standard electrode potentials, irreversible expansion, Joule-Thomson experiment, imperfect gases, energy levels, Boltzmann factor, rotational partition function, vibrational partition function, chemical equilibrium

Topics: Chemical equilibrium, Law of Mass Action, Gaseous Equilibria, Haber Process, Equilibrium Constant, Reaction Quotient, Direction of a Reaction, Equilibrium Concentration, Le Chatelier’s Principle, Heterogeneous Equilibria

Topics: Dilute solutions, colligative properties, Raoult's law, boiling point, cryoscopy, reverse osmosis

Topics: Gas laws, Gas, Boyle's law, Charles law, Gay-Lussac's law, Dalton's law, general gas equation, ideal gas, Avogardo's law, kinetic theory, Boltzmann distribution, intermolecular distribution, Vander Waal's equation, viscosity, dilute solution, molarity, mole fraction, colligative properties, osmotic pressure, thermodynamics, internal energy, heat change, heat capacity, isothermal process, phase change, adiabatic process, adiabatic reversible expansion, thermodynamic equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, thermochemistry, heat of reaction, heat of formation, heat of combustion, bond energy, chemical equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium, law of mass action, solubility, chemical kinetics, chemical reaction, reaction rate, rate laws, differential rate laws, integrated rate laws, activation energy, action complex, activated complex, ionic equilibrium, electrolytes, acid, bases, Bronsted-Lowry theory, Lewis theory, dissociation constant, hydrolysis, buffer solution, buffer capacity, crystals, crystalline phases, polymorphism, amorphous, crystal growth, nucleation, crystal systems, cubic structures, mirror symmetry

Topics: elements, compounds, atomic theory, chemical reaction, atom constituents, chemical symbols, chemical formulae, chemical reactions, chemical equations, electronic configuration, atomic number, mass numbers, nuclear atom, electronic, energy levels, Ion formations, nuclear reactions, radioactivity, nuclear radiations, nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, radioactivity hazards, chemical bonding, electrovalent bonding, Ionic bonding, electrovalent compounds, covalent bonding, covalent compounds, coordinate covalent bonding, dative covalent bonding, metallic bonding, intermolecular bonding, Van der Waal's forces, dipole-dipole attractions, hydrogen bonding, periodic table, periodic law, transition elements, atomic orbital model, principal quantum number, subsidiary quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, magnetic quantum number, spin quantum number, atomic orbital shape, atomic size, ionic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, mole concept, melting, vaporization, boiling point, evaporation sublimation, heating graphs, cooling graphs, Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, boiling, solid classification, solid properties, molecular solid, metallic solid, Ionic solid, covalent solid, energy changes, heat content, heat of reaction, exothermic reactions, energy level diagrams, standard state, thermochemical equations, entropy, entropy change, free energy, chemical kinetic, rate of a chemical reaction, temperature, gas pressure, catalyst, activation, reaction rate, collision theory, Le Chatelier's principle, Haber process, contact process, salt hydrolysis, buffer solutions, common Ion effect, solubility product, Acid bases, salt, electrolysis, redox reactions, electrolytic conduction, oxidation, reduction, copper purification, electroplating, quantitative hydrolysis, metal corrosion, iron rusting, carbon, carbon allotropes, Diamond graphite, amorphous carbon, combustion reactions, industrial gas chemistry, metals, alloys, chemical industry, heavy chemicals, fine chemicals, fertilizers, plastics, soaps, detergents, pharmaceuticals, Nigerian chemical industry, aromatic compounds, Alicyclic compound, heterocyclic compound, homologous series, functional groups, isomerism, structural isomerism, geometric isomerism, IUPAC Nomenclature of organic compounds, purification methods, distillation, crystallization, chromatography, empirical formula, molecular formular, alkanes, natural gas, petroleum crude oil, benzene, fractional distillation petrol quality, cracking, isomerization, petrochemicals, alkanols, alkanoic acid, alkenoate, fat, oils, amino acid, polymer chemistry, polymerization processes, condensation polymerization, resins, natural polymers, carbohydrates, proteins, synthetic polymers, water pollution

Topics: atomic theory, atoms, Joseph John Thomson atomic model, cathode ray tube, Plum-pudding model, electromagnetic spectrum, subatomic particles, atomic number, mass number, relative atomic mass, mass spectrometer, mass spectra, isotopes, periodic law, transition element, Ionizations energy, electronegativity, atomic radius, ionic radius, electronic configuration, wave mechanical model, quantum numbers, electronic configuration of elements, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, Hund's rule, Aufbau‟s principle, atomic model hybridization, chemical symbols, chemical formula, molecular formula, structural formula, chemical equations, stoichiometry, mole concept, Avogadro's number, gram formula mass, gas laws, Boyle's law, Charles law, general gas equation, standard temperature and pressure, electrochemistry, cell notation, Standard Electrode Potentials, electrochemical, Daniel cell, cell potential electrolysis, reduction reaction, oxidation reaction, oxidation number, REDOX equation, chemical equilibrium, Lechatelier's Principle, solution chemistry, solubility, Raoult's law, nuclear reaction, radioactivity, Alpha rays, Beta rays, Gamma rays, natural radioactive decay series, thorium series, uranium series, actinium series, neptunium series

Topics: Chemistry Calculations, Masses and Formulae, Relative Atomic and Molecular Masses, Mass Percentage Composition, Valency, Chemical Formula, Empirical and Molecular Formulae, Reduced Mass, Chemical Reaction, Stoichiometry, Mole, Chemical Equations, Reaction Stoichiometry, Chemical Laws, Redox Reactions, IUPAC Nomenclature, Oxidation Number, Redox Equations, IUPAC Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances, Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Wave-Particle Duality of Matter, Uncertainty Principle, Ionization Energy, Ionic Bond, Lattice Energy, Covalent Bond, Heat of Reaction, Dipole Moment, Formal Charge, The Gaseous State, Gas Pressure, Gas Laws, Critical Constants of Gases and Equations of State for Real Gases, Reduced State Properties, Gas Density, Gas Stoichiometry, Molar Volume of Gases, Relative Vapour Density, Gas diffusion, Mole Fraction, Kinetic Theory of Gases, The Solid and Liquid States, Vapour Pressure, Change of State, Density of Solids, X-Ray Crystallography, Determination of Viscosity of Liquids from Stokes’ Law, Surface Tension, Properties of Solutions, Concentration, Molality, Solubility, Solubility Product, Colligative Properties of Solutions, Conductance of Solutions, Quantitative Analysis, Volumetric Analysis, Gravimetric Analysis, Thermodynamics, Calorimetry, Heat (Enthalpy Change) of Physical Change, Heat (Enthalpy Change) of Reaction, Heat Capacities of Gases, Thermodynamics of Solutions, The First Law of Thermodynamics, The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Efficiency, Electrochemistry, Electrochemical Cells, Electrolysis, Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier’s Principle, Position of Equilibrium, Equilibrium Constant, Reaction Quotient, Acid-Base Equilibria, Acid Ionization Constants, Base Ionization Constants, Water Autoionization Constant, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Buffer Solutions, Salts, Chemical Kinetics, Rates of Reactions, Rate Law, Nuclear Chemistry, Radioactivity, Nuclear Reactions

Topics: Organic Chemistry, chemical bond, quantum mechanics, atomic orbitals, electronic configuration, Pauli exclusion principle, molecular orbitals, covalent bond, hybrid orbitals, intramolecular forces, bond dissociation energy, homolysis, heterolysis, bonds polarity, melting point, intermolecular force, boiling point, solubility, acids, bases, isomerism, activation energy, hydrocarbons, methane structure, oxidation, heat of combustion, chlorination control, relative reactivity, reaction mechanisms, chlorination, free radicals, chain reactions inhibitors, transition state, molecular formula, chlorofluorocarbons, qualitative elemental analysis, quantitative elemental analysis, Alkene, free-radical substitution, ethane structure, Higher alkanes, alkyl groups, industrial source, Grignard reagent, halogenation, free radical stability, combustion, greenhouse effect, pyrolysis, cracking, alkane analysis, stereochemistry, stereoisomers, isomer number, tetrahedral carbon, optical activity, plane-polarized light, polarimeter, specific rotation, enantiomerism, chirality, chiral center, enantiomers, racemic modification, Diastereomers, meso structures, conformational isomers, optical purity, Alkyl halides, Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution, homolytic chemistry, heterolytic chemistry, Carbocations, Carbocations structure, alkyl halides analysis, alcohols, ethers, alcohol nomenclature, carbohydrates fermentation, Ethanol, alcohol preparation, alcohol reaction, alcohol oxidation, ethers preparation, Secondary Bonding, carbon-carbon double bond, Unsaturated hydrocarbon, ethylene structure, Propylene, Hybridization, orbital size, butylene, Geometric isomerism, alcohol dehydration, alkene reaction, hydrogen bromide addition, Hydrogenation, Electrophilic addition, Oxymercuration-demercuration, Hydroboration-oxidation, Alkene Free-radical polymerization, allylic Nucleophilic substitution, dienes, isoprene, isoprene rule, acetylene, Cyclic Aliphatic Compounds, cyclic compound stereoisomerism, cyclic ether, crown ethers, aromaticity, Benzene, aliphatic compounds, aromatic compounds, benzene structure, Kekule structure, Benzene ring, aromatic character, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, Naphthalene, Quantitative elemental analysis, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Friedel-Crafts alkylation mechanism, naphthalene electrophilic substitution, Aromatic-Aliphatic Compounds, Arenes, Spectroscopy, mass spectrum, electromagnetic spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, coupling consonants, chemical shift, aldehydes, ketones, Cannizaro reaction, Grignard reagents addition, Tetrahydropyranyl ethers, Iodoform test, Carboxylic Acids, Grignard synthesis, Dicarboxylic acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, amides, esters, Transesterification, Aldol condensation, Wittig reaction, Crossed Claisen condensation, halides, ammonolysis, amide Hofmann degradation, Heterocyclic amines

Topics: Food technology, Engineering units, Dimension, units, Dimensional Consistency, Unit Consistency, Process, Process Variables, density, Rotameter, Moles, Molecular weight, concentration, pressure, Atmospheric pressure, Absolute pressure, gauge pressure, temperature, Fluid pressure measurement, Moisture Content, mass balance, Laws of Conservation of Mass

Topics: atom, isotope, isobar, atom-classical mechanics, atom-wave mechanical approach, nuclear chemistry, chemical bonding, thermodynamics, gaseous state, liquid state, solid state, chemical constitution, solutions, dilute solutions, osmosis, osmotic pressure, chemical equilibrium, distribution law, phase rule, chemical kinetics, catalysis, colloids, adsorption, electrolysis, electrical conductance, electrolytic dissociation, ionic equilibria-solubility product, acid, base, salt hydrolysis, electromotive force, photo chemistry, SI Units, mathematical concepts

Topics: Bright-Field Light Microscope, Bacterial Motility, Dark-Field Light Microscope, Phase-Contrast Light Microscope, Fluorescence Microscope, Bacterial Morphology, Smear Preparation, Simple Staining, negative staining, gram strain, Acid-Fast Staining, Endospore Staining, Capsule Staining, Flagella Staining, Microbiological Culture Media, Spread-Plate Technique, Streak-Plate Technique, Anaerobic Bacteria cultivation, Fermentation, Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test, carbohydrates, Starch Hydrolysis, Lipid Hydrolysis, protein, amino acid, Hydrogen Sulfide Production, Casein Hydrolysis, Gelatin Hydrolysis, Catalase Activity, Coagulase Activity, DNase Activity, Amino Acids, Urease Activity, Lysine test, Ornithine Decarboxylase Test, Phenylalanine Deamination, Nitrate Reduction, Osmotic Pressure, temperature, Hand Washing, Environmental Sampling, Microbiological Monitoring, Environmental Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Standard Coliform Most Probable Number Test, Presence-Absence Coliform Test, bacterial count, Medical Microbiology, Agglutination Reactions, Blood Groups, Staphylococci, Pneumococci, Streptococci, Neisseriae, Fungi, yeasts, Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Microbial Genetics, Genomics, Bacterial Mutation, Bacterial Transformation, bacterial conjugation

Topics: Applied Thermodynamics, Thermodynamics, steam, Internal Latent Heat, entropy, steam generators, boilers, steam boiler, Fire Tube Boilers, Water Tube Boilers, High Pressure Boilers, boiler mountings, draught, chimney, evaporative capacity, boiler efficiency, steam power cycles, Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, Modified Rankine cycle, Regenerative cycle, Reheat cycle, Binary vapour cycle, reciprocating steam engine, compound steam engines, Multi-Cylinder Engines, uniflow steam engine, steam nozzles, nozzle efficiency, steam injector, steam turbines, turbine efficiencies, reheating steam, steam turbine governing, steam turbine control, steam condensers, condensing plant, jet condensers, surface condensers, gas power cycles, air standard efficiency, dual combustion cycle, Atkinson cycle, Ericsson cycle, Brayton cycle, internal combustion engines, Four-Stroke Cycle Engines, Two-Stroke Cycle Engines, ignition system, fuel injection system, electronic fuel system, cooling system, lubrication systems, Performance Number, Combustion Chamber Design, octane number, Diesel Knock, cetane number, supercharging, dissociation, Engine Performance Curves, Wankel Rotary Combustion Engine, Stratified Charge Engines, Duel-Fuel Engines, air compressors, Reciprocating Compressors, volumetric efficiency, Multi-stage Compression, compressor performance, intercooler, Compressed Air Motors, Rotary Compressors, gas turbines, jet propulsion, Open Cycle Gas Turbines, Constant Volume Combustion Turbines, Gas Turbine Fuels, refrigeration, Air Refrigeration System, Simple Vapour Compression System, Vapour Absorption System, Refrigerants, Air-conditioning Systems, Air-conditioning, load estimation, Air Distribution

Topics: fluid dynamics, blood flow, Capillary Hydrostatic pressure, Oncotic pressure, osmotic pressure, Fluid balance disorders, Edema, Effusions, generalized edema, edema formation, Increased hydrostatic pressure, Reduced plasma osmotic pressure, Sodium retention, water retention, Congestive cardiac failure, Subcutaneous edema, ANKLE EDEMA, PITTING EDEMA, heart failure, PREIORBITAL EDEMA, PERI-ORBITAL EDEMA, Abdominal ascites, Pulmonary edema, Alveolar pulmonary edema, Edematous brain, Cerebral edema, tonsillar grooving, ELEPHANTIASIS, HYPEREMIA, CONGESTION, ACTIVE HYPEREMIA, PASSIVE HYPEREMIA, CHRONIC PULMONARY CONGESTION, PULMONARY CONGESTION, CHRONIC PASSIVE SPLENIC CONGESTION, ENLARGED HYPEREMIC SPLEEN, HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS, SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE, PERICARDIAL HEMORRHAGE, RUPTURED SPLEEN, HEMOSTASIS, ENDOTHELIUM, PLATELETS, PLATELET ADHESION, PLATELET SECRETION, PLATELET AGGREGATION, coagulation cascade, ENDOTHELIAL INJURY, HYPERCOAGULABILITY, LEIDEN MUTATION, PROTHROMBIN GENE MUTATION, HOMOCYSTEINE LEVEL, ACQUIRED THROMBOPHILIC STATES, ARTERIAL THROMBI, VENOUS THROMBOSIS, PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS, DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION, embolism, Systemic thromboembolism, AIR EMBOLISM, AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM, Bone marrow emboli, Fat emboli, INFARCTION, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, SEPTIC SHOCK, NEUROGENIC SHOCK, OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK, SEPTIC SHOCK SYNDROME, DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK, HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK, CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

Topics: atomic structure, interatomic bonding, crystalline solids, crystals, atomic bonding, diffusion, dislocation, strengthening mechanisms, failure, mechanical properties, phase diagrams, phase transformations, alloy, ceramic, polymer, corrosion, degradation, composites, polymer synthesis, polymer processing, oxidation, electrical properties, magnetic properties, optical properties, thermal properties, unit cell, density computation, Polymorphism, Allotropy, Crystallographic points, Crystallographic directions, polycrystalline materials, anisotropy, X-ray diffraction, plastic deformation, point defects, atomic vibration, fick's law, Stress–Strain Behavior, Anelasticity, fatigue, creep, solubility limit, phase equilibria

Topics: atomic structure, interatomic bonding, crystalline solids, crystals, atomic bonding, diffusion, dislocation, strengthening mechanisms, failure, mechanical properties, phase diagrams, phase transformations, alloy, ceramic, polymer, corrosion, degradation, composites, polymer synthesis, polymer processing, oxidation, electrical properties, magnetic properties, optical properties, thermal properties, unit cell, density computation, Polymorphism, Allotropy, Crystallographic points, Crystallographic directions, polycrystalline materials, anisotropy, X-ray diffraction, plastic deformation, point defects, atomic vibration, fick's law, Stress–Strain Behavior, Anelasticity, fatigue, creep, solubility limit, phase equilibria

Topics: fluid pressure, hydrostatic forces, submerged surfaces, buoyancy, floatation, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, vortex flow, potential flow, ideal fluid flow, laminar flow, viscous flow, boundary layer theory, compressible flow, model similitude, free jets, fluid machines, pelton turbine, impulse turbine, francis turbine, radial flow reaction turbines, propeller, kaplan turbine, axial flow reaction turbines, hydraulic turbines, centrifugal pumps, reciprocation pumps, hydraulic systems, fluid continuum, fluid properties, specific weight, weight density, viscosity, perfect gas law, isobaric process, adiabatic process, surface tension, capillarity, capillary effect, vapour pressure, cavitation, pascal's law, hydrostatic law, Bouyant force, centre of buoyancy, archimedes principle, metacentre, metacentric height, cauchy-reimann equations, Euler's equation, Bernoulli's equation, continuity equation, orfices, hydraulic coefficients, uniform flow, source flow, sink flow, free vortex flow, notches, weirs, francis formula, bazin formula, rehbock formula, cipolletti weir, reynolds experiment, Navier-stoke equation, efflux viscometer, ogee weir, boundary layers, stagnation pressure, stagnation density, stagnation temperature, specific energy curve, critical depth, critical velocity, sub-critical flow, hydraulic jump, francis turbine, velocity triangle, draft tube, rotodynamic turbine