DIGESTION Metab by physiology PDF free download

physiology DIGESTION Metab PDF, was published in 2018 and uploaded for 300-level Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science students of University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN), offering PHYSIO course. This ebook can be downloaded for FREE online on this page.

DIGESTION Metab ebook can be used to learn lysozyme, enzyme precursor, oxyntic cells, phenylalanine, chemotrypsinogen, chymotrypsin.

Technical Details
Updated at:
Size: 58.63 KB
Number of points needed for download: 7
Number of downloads: 10

Books related to DIGESTION Metab

ENZYMES (Catalysis, Kinetics and Mechanisms)

Author: NS Punekar

School: University of Ilorin

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: BCH212, BCH303, BCH323, BCH401, BCH403, BCH432, ANP205

Topics: enzyme, enzyme catalyst, enzyme catalysis, enzyme catalytic power, conformational flexibility, protein motion, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, ES complex, transient species, enzyme assays, enzyme kinetic practice, enzyme purity, Henri-Michaelis-Menten equation, enzyme kinetic data, kinetic mechanism, enzyme inhibition analysis, irreversible inhibitions, reversible inhibitions, substrate interaction, enzymology, istotope, enzymology, chemical mechanisms, catalysis, chemical reactivity, molecular interactions, acid-base chemistry, nucleophilic catalysis, covalent reaction intermediate, enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions, carboxylations, decarboxylations, electrophilic catalysis, amino acid transformation, regulation of enzyme activity

ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS OF PANCREAS

Author: physiology

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: Alpha cells (A cells), Beta cells (B cells), Pancreatic Polypeptide cells (PP-cells), Epsilon cells, ghrelin, exocytosis

Medical Physiology, 5th edition

Author: Rodney Rhoades, David Bell

School: Edo University

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHS201

Topics: Medical Physiology, Cell Signaling, Membrane Transport, Membrane Potential, Physiologic Regulation, plasma membrane structure, Solute Transport Mechanisms, Resting Membrane Potential, cellular signaling, neuromuscular physiology, nervous function, nervous system, action potential synaptic transmission, neurotransmission, Sensory Physiology, sensory system, somatosensory system, visual system, auditory system, vestibular system, Gustatory Systems, Olfactory Systems, motor system, autonomic nervous system, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Sympathetic Nervous System, Autonomic Integration, Hypothalamus, Brain Electrical Activity, Higher Cognitive Skills, Skeletal Smooth Muscle, Smooth Muscle, Motor Neurons, Excitation, Skeletal Muscle Metabolism, Skeletal Muscle Contraction, Muscle Plasticity, Epigenetics, Endocrine Muscle, Smooth Muscle, blood immunology, blood composition, blood function, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelet Formation, Blood Cell Formation, Blood Clotting, Immunology, Organ Interaction, Homeostasis, Immune System Activation, Immune Detection System, Immune System Defenses, Acute Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation, Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Organ Transplantation, Immunology, Immunologic Disorders, Neuroendoimmunology, cardiovascular physiology, Hemodynamics, Cardiac Muscle Mechanics, Cardiac Pump, Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Excitation–Contraction Coupling, Cardiac Performance, Cardiac Output, Systemic Circulation, Arterial Pressure Measurement, Central Blood Volume, Microcirculation, Lymphatic System, Coronary Circulation, Cerebral Circulation, Hepatic Circulation, Skeletal Muscle Circulation, Cutaneous Circulation, Fetal Circulation, Placental Circulation, Circulatory Shock, respiratory physiology, ventilation, Spirometry, Lung Volumes, Minute Ventilation, Airway Resistance, Gas Transfer, Diffusing Capacity, Pulmonary Circulation, Ventilation, body fluids, Kidney Function, nephron, Renal Blood Flow, Glomerular Filtration, Glomerular Hemodynamic Forces, Tubular Reabsorption, Tubule Secretion, Urinary Concentration Mechanisms, Electrolyte Balance, fluid balance, Acid–Base Homeostasis, gastrointestinal physiology, Salivary Secretion, Gastric Secretion, Pancreatic Secretion, Biliary Secretion, Intestinal Secretion, Carbohydrate Digestion, Carbohydrate Absorption, Water Absorption, Electrolyte Absorption, Mineral Absorption, Vitamin Absorption, Liver Functions, Immune Surveillance, Gastrointestinal Regulation, temperature regulation, exercise physiology, Heat Dissipation, Thermoregulatory Control, Heat Acclimatization, endocrine physiology, Endocrine Control Mechanisms, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Hormone Synthesis, Adrenal Gland, Adrenal Medulla Catecholamines, Endocrine Pancreas, Islets of Langerhans, Islet Hormone Synthesis, Insulin, Glucagon Action, Diabetes Mellitus, Plasma Calcium, Phosphate Regulation, Bone Dysfunction, reproductive physiology, Male Reproductive System, Testicular Function

INBORN ERRORS OF AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM (Metabolism of phenylalanine)

Author: BCH

School: University of Ilorin

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: BCH221

Topics: Metabolism of phenylalanine, AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM, Phenylalaninemia, /Phenylketonuria

Biochemistry ,Fourth edition

Author: U Satyanarayana, U Chakrapani

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: BIC201, BIC202, BIC203, BIC301, BIC302

Topics: Eukaryotic cell, cell, Carbohydrates, Monosaccharides, glucose, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides, Homopolysaccharides, Heteropolysaccharides, Agar, pectin, Glycoproteins, Lipids, Fatty acids, Essential fatty acids.Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Lipoproteins, Steroids, Amphipathic lipids, Soaps, detergents, Proteins, Amino Acids, Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, Enzymes, DNA, RNA, enzyme activity, Active site, Enzyme inhibition, Enzyme specificity, Coenzymes, enzyme action, Non-protein enzymes, Isoenzymes, Vitamins, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Vitamin C, Ascorbic acid, Thiamine, Vitamin B1, Riboflavin, Vitamin B2, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Vitamin B6, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, Folic acid, Cobalamin, Vitamin B12, Choline, Inositol, Lipoic acid, Para aminobenzoic acid, Bioflavonoids, Antivitamins, Physiological Biochemistry, Digestion, Absorption, Plasma Proteins, Albumin, Globulins, Immunoglobulins, Blood clotting, Hemoglobin, Porphyrins, Hemoglobin derivatives, Abnormal hemoglobins, Sickle-cell anemia, sickle-cell hemoglobin, Thalassemias, Porphyrias, Jaundice, Biological Oxidation, Bioenergetics, High-energy compounds, Electron transport chain, Oxidative phosphorylation, Metabolism, Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism, Glycogen storage diseases, Hexose monophosphate shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Glyoxylate cycle, Fatty acid oxidation, Ketone bodies, Fatty liver, obesity, Atherosclerosis, Alcohol metabolism, Amino acid pool, Urea cycle, Glycine, Phenylalanine, tyrosine, Tryptophan, Sulfur amino acids, One-carbon metabolism, Histidine, proline, arginine, Lysine, Glutamate, glutamine, Aspartate, asparagine, Serine, Threonine, Biogenic amines, Polyamines, purine, Mineral Metabolism, Nutrition, Hormones, Organ Function Tests, water, Tissue Proteins, Body Fluids, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, DNA-Replication, Transcription, Translation, Gene Expression, Recombinant DNA, Human Genome Project, Gene Therapy, Bioinformatics, Xenobiotics, Detoxification, Prostaglandins, Free Radicals, Antioxidants, Environmental Biochemistry, Insulin, cancer, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

human physiology

Author: physiology

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: blood phyhsiology, A B O Group system, cardia cycle, cardiovascular pathways

GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY

Author: DR.MRS.OKORIE P

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: Gastroesophageal sphincter, Brunner glands, globlet cells, paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells

Clinical Laboratory Hematology ,3rd Edition

Author: Shirlyn McKenzie, Lynne Williams

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: HEM301, HEM401, HEM402, HEM403

Topics: Hemostasis, Blood Component Therapy, Cellular Homeostasis, Cell Morphology, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, DNA duplication, DNA transcription, DNA translation, Gene expression, Protein Synthesis, Protein Processing, Ubiquitin System, Ubiquitin System, Apoptosis, cell cycle, Abnormal Tissue Homeostasis, cancer, Hematopoietic System, Hematopoietic Organs, Hematopoiesis, Hematopoietic Tissue, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue, Lymphadenopathy, Hematopoietic Precursor Cells, Growth Factor Function, cytokine, growth factor, Cytokine Receptors, Signaling Pathways, transcription Factors, Hematopoietic Growth Factors, Hematopoietic Microenvironment, Hemoglobin Structure, Hemoglobin, Hemoglobin Synthesis, heme, Globin Chain Synthesis, Embryonic Hemoglobins, Fetal Hemoglobin, Adult Hemoglobins, Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Hemoglobin Function, Oxygen Transport, Carbon Dioxide Transport, Artificial Oxygen Carriers, Hemoglobin Catabolism, Extravascular Destruction, Intravascular Destruction, Acquired Nonfunctional Hemoglobins, Methemoglobin, Sulfhemoglobin, Carboxyhemoglobin, Erythropoiesis, Red Blood Cell Maturation, Erythroid Progenitor Cells, Erythroid-Maturing Cells, cell maturation, Erythroblastic Islands, Erythrocyte, Erythrocyte Membrane, Membrane Permeability, Erythrocyte Metabolism, Glycolytic Pathway, Hexose Monophosphate shunt, Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway, Rapoport-Luebering Shunt, Erythrocyte Kinetics, Erythrocyte Concentration, Granulocyte, Monocyte, Leukocyte Surface Markers, Leukocyte Function, neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocyte Function, Lymphocyte Metabolism, aging, platelet, lymphocytes, complete blood count, peripheral blood smear evaluation, anaemia, Hemoglobinopathies, heme synthesis, megoblastic anaemia, Thalassemia, Hypoproliferative Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia, immune anemia, Lymphocyte Disorders, Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Neoplastic Hematologic Disorders, Hematopoietic Neoplasms, Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Precursor Lymphoid Neoplasm, Bone Marrow, Thrombophilia

anaemia

Author: physiology

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: ERYTHROCYTES (RBCS), Erythropoietin, Chronic- GI lesions, Thalassemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, microangiopathic hemolytic anaemia, Sequestration in mononuclear phagocytic system, hyperslenism, hypochromic and normochromic, microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic

AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Comparison of ANS AND SNS

Author: physiology

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: limbic cortex, visceral organ, autonomic ganglia, cerebral cortex, parasympathetic nervous systems, preganglionic neuron, Preganglionic fibers, postganglionic, Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine, Adrenergic system

blood groups and rhesus factor

Author: physiology

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: Austrian Karl Landsteiner, Parent Allele, Rh antigen, transmembrane proteins, rhesus monkey

muscle

Author: physiology

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: sarcoplasm, myofibril, ACTIN, TROPOMYOSIN and TROPONIN, hexamer

CELL BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

Author: physiology

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: phospholipid, FLUID MOSAIC MODEL, Singer and Nicholson, amphipathic lipids, hydrophobic tail, Glycosphingolipids, Sterols, Phosphoglycerides, Sphingomyelins, sphingosine, cerebrosides, sphingomyelin, Myelin

HEMOSTASIS

Author: physiology

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: vascular constriction, myogenic spasm, platelets thromboxane A2, thrombocytopenia, Thromboplastin, Proaccelerin; labile factor; Ac-globulin (Ac-G), Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA), Antihemophilic factor (AHF) antihemophilic globulin (AHG)

Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation 2 (Prevention of Blood Clotting in the Normal Vascular System-Intravascular Anticoagulants)

Author: physiology

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: glycocalyx, thrombomodulin, mucopolysaccharide, subendothelial collagen, Antithrombins, antithrombin-heparin cofactor, heparin

Endocrine Physiology - pancreas

Author: MR. chinemerem choice NWORGU

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIO

Topics: retro-peritoneum, acinar cells, hypoglycemic effect, hyperglycemic effect

Physiology,Seventh edition

Author: Linda Costanzo

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PYS2, PYS3

Topics: cell, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY, RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY, RENAL PHYSIOLOGY, ACID–BASE PHYSIOLOGY, GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY, ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY

Essentials of Medical Biochemistry ,Second Edition With Clinical Cases

Author: NV Bhagavan, Chung-Eun Ha

School: University of Ilorin

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: BCH303

Topics: Organ Systems, Cells, Organelles, Microbiota, Organ Systems, Water, Acids, Bases, Buffers, H+ Concentration, Disorders of Protein Misfolding, Protein Structure, Precursor Proteins, active protein, Proteolysis, Protease Inhibitors, Protein Folding, Autophagy, Protein Misfolding, Fibrillogenic Diseases, Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Enzymes, Enzyme RegulationActive Site, Enzyme–Substrate Complex, Michaelis–Menten Model, Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions, Irreversible Inhibition, Inhibition, Clinical Enzymology, Biomarkers of Tissue Injury, Tissue Injury, Serum, Plasma Markers, Tissue Damage, Simple Carbohydrates, Simple Carbohydrates, Heteropolysaccharides, Glycoconjugates, Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, Cell Membrane Constituents, Cell-Surface Glycoproteins, Serum Glycoproteins, Connective Tissue, Fibrous Protein, Nonfibrous Protein, Proteoglycan, Gastrointestinal Digestion, Gastrointestinal Absorption, Gastrointestinal Tract, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Glycolysis, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Glycolysis, Pyruvate Metabolism, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Oxygen-Consuming Systems, Mitochondrial Structure, Mitochondrial Genome, Respiratory Chain Expression, Mitochondrial Diseases, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Synthesis, glycogen Breakdown, Alternative Pathways, Hexose Interconversion, Amino Acid Metabolism, Metabolism of Ammonia, Lipid, fatty acid, Eicosanoid, Fatty Acid Oxidation, Unsaturated Fatty Acid, Trans-Fatty Acid, Essential Fatty Acid, Phospholipids, Glycosphingolipids, Cholesterol, Phosphatidylcholine, Phosphosphingolipid, Catabolism, Storage Disorders of Sphingolipids, Sphingolipids, Acetyl-Coa, Hmg-Coa, Plasma Lipoprotein, Contractile Systems, Muscle Systems, Nonmuscle Systems, Energy Metabolism, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Chromosomes, Chromatin, DNA, Recombinant DNA Technology, DNA Replication, DNA Repair, DNA Mutation, Protein Synthesis, RNA, Messenger RNA, Prokaryotic Transcription, Genetic Code, tRNA Molecule, Ribosomes, Gene Expression, mRNA Synthesis, Gene Regulation, Nucleotide Metabolism

Antigens antibodies and Immune response

Author: Theresa Nwagha

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: HAEMATOLOGY

Topics: Antigens antibodies, Immune response, innate immunity, genetic immunity, acquired immunity, Naturally Acquired Active Immunity, Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity, Artificially Acquired Immunity, Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity, serum, antiserum, serology, gamma globulins, serum sickness, Humoral Immunity, Antibody-Mediated immunity, epitopes, Antibody Structure, Immunoglobulin Classes, clonal selection, Apoptosis, antibody binding, Immunological Memory, T Cells, cell mediated immunity, Cytotoxic T Cells, Destroy target cells, Cytotoxic T Cells Lyse Infected Cells, Delayed Hypersensitivity T Cells, T Suppressor Cells, Activated Macrophages, Stimulated phagocytes, Natural Killer Cells, Antibody Production, T-Dependent Antigens, Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity

Stoelting’s Pharmacology Physiology in Anesthetic Practice,Fifth Edition

Author: Pamela Flood, James Rathmell, Steven Shafer

School: University of Ilorin

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: ANAESTHESIA

Topics: Neurologic System, Neurophysiology, Inhaled Anesthetics, Intravenous Sedatives, Intravenous Hypnotics, Pain Physiology, Opioid Agonists, opioid Antagonists, Centrally Acting Nonopioid, Analgesics, Local Anesthetics, Neuromuscular Physiology, Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs, Neuromuscular Reversal Agents, Circulatory Physiology, Cardiac Physiology, Renal Physiology, Intravenous Fluids, Intravenous Electrolytes, Sympathomimetic Drugs, Sympatholytics, Vasodilators, Antiarrhythmic Drugs, Diuretics, Lipid-Lowering Drugs, Gas Exchange, Respiratory Pharmacology, Acid–Base Disorder, Blood, Hemostasis, Blood Products, Blood Components, Procoagulants, Anticoagulants, Massive Transfusion, Gastrointestinal Physiology, Antiemetics, Gastrointestinal Motility Drugs, Nutrition, Endocrine Function, Glucose Regulation, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Endocrine Drugs, Antimicrobials, Antiseptics, Disinfectants, Chemotherapeutic Drugs, Psychopharmacologic Therapy, Fetal Physiology, Fetal Pharmacology

Past Questions related to DIGESTION Metab

Authenthic physio past question

Year: 2016

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSIOLOGY

Topics: cj morgany, physiology

physio alternative to practicals

Year: 2016

School: University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHYSSIOLOGY

Topics: physiology, MBBS, cj morgany

Metabolism of biomolecules-2011&2012

Year: 2012

School: University of Ilorin

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: BCH223

Topics: enzyme, inhibition, thermodynamics, ATP, respiratory chain, enzyme activity, electron transport chain

NEUROSCIENCE

Year: 2018

School: Federal University of Technology, Owerri

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: POT206

Topics: NEUROSCIENCE, brain, cerebrospinal, spinal cord, basal plate, alar plate, roof plate, floor plate, ventricle, cell, neural tube, neural crest cells

50 Haematology questions

Year: 2016

School: University of Ilorin

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: HAEMATOLOGY

Topics: blood cells, anaemia, polycythaemia, microcytic hypochromic anaemia, microcytosis, RBC Count, dilution factor, hypofibrogenaemia

ENZYMOLOGY

Year: 2019

School: Federal University of Technology, Owerri

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: BCH301

Topics: substrate, enzyme, michaelis-menten equation

BIOGAS,BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGY

Year: 2018

School: Federal University of Technology, Owerri

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: BCH510

Topics: biogas, biomethanol, enzyme kinetics, fermentation

Biochemistry MCQ by SIP

Year: 2020

School: University of Ilorin

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: BCH221

Topics: Hemeproteins, enzyme, Adrenal medulla

Structure and chemistry of biomolecules-2011-2013

Year: 2013

School: University of Ilorin

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: BCH212

Topics: isomerism, glucose, fructose, lactose, enzyme, amino acid, protein, vitamin

Pharmacology Part 1 Final paper 1

Year: 2012

School: University of Ilorin

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PHARMACOLOGY400

Topics: hypoglycemic agents, antipsychotic drugs, Diuretics, angiotenin-converting enzyme inhibitors, peptic ulcer, tuberculosis, quantal dose response curve, digoxin toxicity, folic acid, aspirin

PLB101 Nigerian association of life science students practice questions

Year: 2016, 2017

School: University of Ilorin

Department: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health science

Course Code: PLB101

Topics: genetics, protein, Calvin cycle, lysosome, photosynthesis, carotenoids, chlorophylls, lactic acid fermentation, Krebs cycle, High energy photons, enzymes, enzyme reaction, electron transport chain

Introductory Biology 1 continuous assessment 2004&2007 D'Ola

Year: 2007

School: Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

Department: Science and Technology

Course Code: BIO101

Topics: plant cells, cytoplasm, bacteria, reproduction, cell, mitosis, meiosis

Anatomy and physiology of farm animals

Year: 2020

School: Federal University of Technology, Owerri

Department: Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Course Code: AST405

Topics: farm animal physiology, farm animals anatomy, monogastric farm animal digestion, farm animal excretory organs, circulatory system, tissues, cells, epithelial tissues

Human nutrition

Year: 2019

School: Federal University of Technology, Owerri

Department: Engineering

Course Code: FST308

Topics: Human nutrition, annotated human cells, human digestion system, starvation, acid base metabolic switch, glycolysis, aerobic respiration, acidosis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, bioavailability, food processing, fiber, phytates, oxalate, nutrient inter relationship, digestion