Topics: Centralized Economy, Real-Business-Cycle Dynamics, Optimal Solution, Economic Growth, Modeling Economic Growth, Endogenous Growth, Decentralized Economy, Consumption, savings, Life-Cycle Theory, labour, firms, Government Budget Constraint, Public Finances, Financing Government Expenditures, Optimizing Public Finances, Fiscal Policy, Time-Consistent, Time-Inconsistent Fiscal Policy, Overlapping-Generations Model, Open Economy, traded goods, Current-Account Sustainability, Monetary Economy, Imperfectly Flexible Prices, Price Stickiness, Asset Pricing, Macroeconomics, Market Efficiency, Arbitrage, Asset Allocation, Financial Markets, Stock Market, bond market, FOREX Market, Nominal Exchange Rates, IS–LM Model, Monetary Policy, Keynesian Model of Inflation, Optimal Inflation Targeting, Optimal Monetary Policy, New Keynesian Model, Real Business Cycles, DGE Models, Economic Fluctuations, RBC Model, Mathematical Appendix, Continuous-Time Optimization, Dynamic Programming, Stochastic Dynamic Optimization, Time Consistency, Time Inconsistency, Linear Rational-Expectations Models