Communities and Ecosystems, 2nd edition by Robert Whittaker PDF free download

Topics: vegetation, tropical forests, climate, soils, floristic diversity, floral biology, flower development, pollination, fruit, seed production, microclimate, seeding patterns, forest productivity, tropical savannas, arid regions, Mediterranean ecosystems, temperate forest ecosystems, temperate grasslands, coniferous forests, terrestrial wetlands, freshwater ecosystems, coastal ecosystems, coral reefs, coastal vegetation

Topics: Soil, rock weathering, soil formation, soil profile, soil classification, soil taxonomy, entisols, inceptisols, andisols, gelisols, histosols, Soil Architecture, soil color, soil texture, soil textural classes, mineral soils structure, tillage, soil density, soil water, soil water energy, soil water content, soil water potential, infiltration, percolation, water vapor movement, hydrologic cycle, soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, enhancing soil drainage, septic tank drain fields, soil aeration, redox potential, wetlands, soil temperature control, soil colloids, layer silicate clay structure, cation exchange capacity, soil acidity, soil ecology, soil organism, earthworms, ants, termites, soil algae, soil fungi, soil prokaryotes, soil organic, soil organic matter management, climate change, soil phosphorus, sulfur oxidation, sulfur retention, soil fertility maintenance, phosphorus cycle, ammonia volatilization, ammonia fixation, sulfur cycle, calcium, magnesium, silicon, trace elements, Practical Nutrient Management, chemical pollution, Geographic Soils Information

Topics: soil science, soil habitat, soil mineral components, soil organisms, soil organic matter, soil structure, soil micromorphology, soil porosity, soil-forming factors, climate, hydrologic cycle, soil temperature, evaporation, cation exchange, Anion adsorption, Clay–organic matter interactions, soil aeration, soil respiration, soil profile, Hydromorphic soils, Salt-affected soils, nutrient cycling, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, calcium, magnesium, trace elements, soil management, soil acidity, liming, soil erosion, fertilizers, pesticides, nitrogen fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, plant protection, problem soils, soil drainage, soil information systems, soil survey methods, soil quality

Topics: soil properties, soil management, tropical environment, temperature, solar radiation, rainfall, tropical climates, vegetation, physiography, Anthropocene, biodiversity, climate change, demographics, Green Revolutions, Tropical Agroecosystems, land use, land-use change, Pedology, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Laterite Paradigm, tropical soils, tropical soil research, Soil Taxonomy, soil classification systems, soil physical properties, soil temperature, soil structure, soil compaction, soil water, soil erosion, conservation, conservation agriculture, water, rainfed agriculture, irrigated agriculture, irrigation, mineralogy, clay minerals, mineralogy families, Anion Exchange Capacity, soil acidity capacity, Acid Soil Infertility, Liming, overliming, subsoil acidity, secondary acidity, soil biology, soil biodiversity, comminution, decomposition, nutrient elements transformation, soil structure regulation, organic carbon, carbon pools, carbon fractions, animal manures, composts, biochars, organic farming, soil fertility, nutrient cycling, nutrient uptake, determining fertilizer needs, nitrogen cycle, nitrogen pools, atmospheric deposition, biological nitrogen fixation, mineral fertilizers, organic nitrogen mineralization, soil nitrogen fertilizer reactions, Phosphorus Cycle, Phosphorus, Total Soil Phosphorus, inorganic Phosphorus, Phosphorus sorption, Phosphorus release, plant Phosphorus requirements, Phosphorus fertilization, sulfur cycle, sulfur sorption, Sulphur fertilization, Forest–Soil Nutrient Cycles, land clearing, Mechanized Land Clearing, Crop Yield Declines, Field Abandonment, Secondary Forest Fallows, puddling, flooding, rice cultivation systems, Nutrient Management, Yield Stagnation, Nitrogen Sequestration, Livestock-Based Tropical Systems, tropical pastures, Tropical Livestock Management Systems, pastoralism, Smallholder Mixed Crop–Livestock Systems, Extensive Pasture-Based Beef Production, Pasture Degradation, Crop–Pasture Integration, Tropical Tree-Based Systems, Plantation Forestry, Plantation Forestry Species, Agroforestry, Agroforestry Tree Species, Agroforestry Systems, Simultaneous Agroforestry, Sequential Agroforestry, tree crops

Topics: Soil Conservation, Water Conservation, erosion, Soil Erosion and Civilization, Geologic Erosion, Sedimentation, Landscape Development, rock types, Sedimentary Landforms, Mass Movement Deposits, Glacial Landscapes, Water Erosion, erosion damage, Vegetation, Soil Properties, Soil Erodibility, pollution, Water-Erosion Control, Wind Erosion, wind erosion process, Windbreaks, Shelterbelts, Wind-Erosion Control, Predicting Soil Loss, Tolerable Soil Loss, Universal Soil Loss Equation, Computer-Based Soil Loss Prediction Models, Wind-Erosion Prediction Equation, Wind Erosion Prediction System, Soil Map Unit Interpretations, soil survey, Land Use Planning, managing land, cropping systems, Managing Monocultures, crop rotations, Multiple Cropping, Evaluating Cropping Systems, strip cropping, tillage, Conservation Tillage, deep tillage, Contour Cultivation, Emergency Wind-Erosion Control, Gully-Control Structures, road ditches, culverts, Earthen Dams, Streambank Protection, flood control, Wind Erosion-Control Structures, Pastureland Management, Rangeland Management, Forestland Management, water cycle, drought, Soil Drainage, wetlands, Irrigation, Irrigation Methods, Land Reclamation, Conservation Irrigation, soil pollution, pollutants, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, aerosols, polluted soil, Hazardous Sites, Soil Remediation, Water Quality, water Pollution, Water acidification, Farm Service Agency

Topics: biosphere, microbial ecology, population, colony, community, ecosystem, ecological niche, micro-environment, energy, nutrient flow, microbial inter-relationship, aquatic habitat, eutrophication, stratification, lake, pond, bio-aerosol, micro-flora, waste management

Topics: Soil Ecosystem, Microbial Ecology, soil ecosystem development, Soil Food Web, Biogeochemistry, Nutrient Cycling, Carbon cycling, Nitrogen Cycling, Plant Roots, Rhizosphere

Topics: Ecology, ecosystems, Climatic factors, Topographic factors, Edaphic factors, Biotic factors, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation

Topics: population, expansive population pyramids, stationary population pyramids, population pyramid, population size, population density, population abundance, population growth, community, ecosystem, energy flow, decomposition, nutrient cycling, biodiversity, environment, ecological niche

Topics: climate, Rainfall variability, rainfall, Humidity, Solar radiation, sunshine, light, cloudiness, wind, Edaphic factors, Soil Formation, plant community, terrestrial pollution, forest resources, wildlife resources, population, population ecology, population growth, logistic growth model, sigmoid form model, population density variation, population size

Topics: Environmental Microbiology, water pollution, water pollution prevention, soil pollution, soil pollution effects, soil pollution prevention, Waste Management Resources, waste disposal methods, landfill, incineration, Plasma gasification, composting, waste minimization, Biological reprocessing, Waste Management methods, sewage, wastewater treatment, Water purification, Water-Borne diseases, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand

Topics: Green Chemistry, environmental pollution, air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, causes of Environmental pollution, Urbanization, industrialization, mining, exploration, burning fossil fuels, radiochemistry, Radioactive isotopes, Stable isotopes, Nuclear fission, Nuclear Fusion, Fusion reactions, nuclear stability, octet rule

Topics: Atom, water, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, cell, cell membrane, cell communication, Multicellularity, Energy, Enzyme, Metabolism, Metabolic Pathway, Photosynthesis, Gene, Heredity, Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Eukaryotic Cell, mitosis, meiosis, cell death, Inheritance Gene, Chromosome, allele, DNA, Gene Mutation, Molecular Medicine, Mutation, Genetic Screening, Genome, Gene, Evolution, Gene Expression, Speciation, Flowering Plant, Plant Nutrition, Physiology, Homeostasis, Temperature Regulation, Animal Hormone, Immunology, Animal Reproduction, Animal Development, Neurons, Glia, Nervous System, sensory system, Musculoskeletal System, Gas exchange, Circulatory System, Nutrition, Digestion, Absorption, Salt, Water Balance, Nitrogen Excretion, Animal Behavior, Ecology, community, ecosystem, biosphere, plant response, Bacteria, archaea, virus, Protostome Animal, seed plant, Deuterostome Animal

Topics: Natural Environment, Animal Production, earth science, environment, geological activity, oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, climate change, atmosphere, atmospheric layers, global warming, climate, weather, life ecosystems, biomes, biogeochemical cycles, wilderness, Environmental degradation, population growth, agriculture, water management, greenhouse gas emission, Gas effect, emissions, pollution, air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, erosion, coastal erosion, glaciers, floods, freezing, thawing, wind erosion, gravitational erosion, exfoliation, soil structure, soil composition, vegetation cover, topography, agricultural practices, deforestation, urbanization, airborne dust pollution, desertification, Stratospheric Ozone, ozone hole, Antarctica Ozone Theory

Topics: Pedology, Soil Physics, soil formation, soil morphology, soil characteristics, soil components, soil-forming rocks, rock weathering, minerals, soil survey, soil mapping, soil classification, Nigerian Soils, Nigerian Soils properties, Nigerian Soils classification

Topics: Soil Microbiology, soil habitat, soil solution chemistry, bacteria, archaea, Phylogeny, Biodegradation Capacity, soil fungi, Fungal Communities, Soil Fauna, Microfauna, Mesofauna, Macrofauna, Macroarthropods, protozoa, rotifera, nematoda, Microarthropods, Enchytraeids, DNA Reassociation Kinetics, soil biota, Microbial Metabolism, Plant-Soil Biota Interactions, carbo cycling, Rhizosphere, Geological Carbon Cycle, biological Carbon Cycle, Light Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, X-Ray Spectro-Microscopy, X-Ray Computed Microtomography, Reaction Kinetics

Topics: population, stationary population model, recurrence equations, population projection, projection matrix, life tables, continous analysis, renewal equation, laplace transform, demographic variables, population time series, interpolation, graduation, finite approximation, population explosion, marriage model, probability models, life table functions, fertility functions, birth process, death process, sex ratio, population distribution, individual behavior, branching theory, population model, mathematical demography, future population, life table

Topics: ecology, Organismal Ecology, population, community, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem, Biome, niche, abiotic, biotic, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere, biotope

Topics: Community Medicine, Epidemiological Triad, Epidemiological Wheel, Epidemiological Studies, General Epidemiology, Epidemiological Study, Cohort Study, Therapeutic Trials, Clinical Trials, Ventilation, Air, water, Water Supply, Water Purification, Swimming Pool Hygiene, Housing, soil, Wastes, Refuse Disposal, Excreta Disposal, Sewerage System, Sullage Disposal, Physical Environment, Occupational Health, Physicochemical Agents, Physical Agents, Gastrointestinal Tract, Offensive Trades, offensive Occupations, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Hazards, Occupational Health Legislation, Employees State Insurance Act, Environmental Pollution, Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Radioactive Pollution, Thermal Pollution, Noise Pollution, Biological Environment, Rodents, Arthropods, Insect Control, Social Environment, Social Sciences, Cultural Anthropology, Social Psychology, Defense Mechanisms, Genetic Constitution, Nutritional Status, Psychological State, Personality, Communicable Diseases, Respiratory Infections, Viral Infections, Bacterial Infections, Water borne Infections, Food-borne Infections, Alimentary borne Infections, Cholera, Diarrhea, Food Poisoning, Enteric Fever, Brucellosis, Bacillary Dysentery, Shigellosis, Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Balantidiasis, Viral Hepatitis, Poliomyelitis, Contact Diseases, leprosy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Venereal Diseases, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Trachoma, Fungus Infection, Arthropod-borne Diseases, malaria, Filariasis, Arboviruses, Yellow Fever, Chikungunya Fever, dengue, Japanese Encephalitis, Sandfly Fever, Leishmaniasis, Plague, Kyasanur Forest Disease, Epidemic Typhus, Trench Fever, Scrub Typhus, Tsutsugamushi Fever, Tick Typhus, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Relapsing Fever, Noncommunicable Diseases, Food, Nutrition, Biostatistics, Research Methodology, Demography, Vital Statistics, Health Planning, Health Administration, Health Management, Health Economics, Maternal health, Child Health, Family Planning, Population Policy, School Health Services, Geriatrics, Mental Health, International Health, Biomedical Waste Management

Topics: earth structure, lithosphere, mantle, core, specific gravity, Earth's magnetic field, plate tectonics, continental drift, continental margin, geologic time, historical geology, stratigraphy, relative time, absolute time, radiometric time scale, geologic time scale, palentology, Minerals, rocks, weathering, erosion, deposition, Marine erosion, Marine deposition, depositional basin, Lacustrine environment, Desert environment, Glacial Environment, subsurface water, Diagenesis, structural geology, petroleum traps, petroleum, reservoir, recovery techniques, exploration techniques, igneous rock, sedimentary rock, metamoprphic rock, rock cycle, mechanical weathering, chemica weathering, weathering products, downslope movement, floodplain deposits, delta deposits, stream deposits, Marine depth zones, Marine currents, wave types, wave refraction, erosional features, marine shoreline, marine deposition, Basin, Lake basin, lacustrine deposition, lacustrine deposits, desert erosion, desert deposition, desert deposits, Glacier, glacial deposition, glacial deposits, groundwater classification, aquifer, water table, water well, ground water processes, groundwater products, lithification, induration, diagenesis, fracturing, stress, strain, faults, folds, strike, dip, superposition, decriptive geometry, stereographic projection, hydrocarbon traps, structural traps, stratigraphic traps, combination traps, unconformity traps, crude oil, natural gas, reservoir performane, reservoir pressure, resevoir loss, reservoir destruction, reservoir rocks, clastic reservoirs, carbonate reservoirs, seals, pressure-data, geometry, fluid content, Rock sampling, fluid flow, porosity, permeability, reservoir properties, surface geology, surface data, surface geology, drilling operations, well cuttings, cores, electric logging, radioactivity logging, acousting logging, sonic logging, spontaenous potential logs, self potential logs, resistivity logs, induction logs, dual induction-focused logs, electrode logs, radioactivity logs, acoustic logs, drill stem tests, geophysical surveys, geochemical surveys, maps, cross-sections