Introductory chemistry 2 by Kelani Tawakalit PDF free download

Topics: elements, compounds, atomic theory, chemical reaction, atom constituents, chemical symbols, chemical formulae, chemical reactions, chemical equations, electronic configuration, atomic number, mass numbers, nuclear atom, electronic, energy levels, Ion formations, nuclear reactions, radioactivity, nuclear radiations, nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, radioactivity hazards, chemical bonding, electrovalent bonding, Ionic bonding, electrovalent compounds, covalent bonding, covalent compounds, coordinate covalent bonding, dative covalent bonding, metallic bonding, intermolecular bonding, Van der Waal's forces, dipole-dipole attractions, hydrogen bonding, periodic table, periodic law, transition elements, atomic orbital model, principal quantum number, subsidiary quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, magnetic quantum number, spin quantum number, atomic orbital shape, atomic size, ionic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, mole concept, melting, vaporization, boiling point, evaporation sublimation, heating graphs, cooling graphs, Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, boiling, solid classification, solid properties, molecular solid, metallic solid, Ionic solid, covalent solid, energy changes, heat content, heat of reaction, exothermic reactions, energy level diagrams, standard state, thermochemical equations, entropy, entropy change, free energy, chemical kinetic, rate of a chemical reaction, temperature, gas pressure, catalyst, activation, reaction rate, collision theory, Le Chatelier's principle, Haber process, contact process, salt hydrolysis, buffer solutions, common Ion effect, solubility product, Acid bases, salt, electrolysis, redox reactions, electrolytic conduction, oxidation, reduction, copper purification, electroplating, quantitative hydrolysis, metal corrosion, iron rusting, carbon, carbon allotropes, Diamond graphite, amorphous carbon, combustion reactions, industrial gas chemistry, metals, alloys, chemical industry, heavy chemicals, fine chemicals, fertilizers, plastics, soaps, detergents, pharmaceuticals, Nigerian chemical industry, aromatic compounds, Alicyclic compound, heterocyclic compound, homologous series, functional groups, isomerism, structural isomerism, geometric isomerism, IUPAC Nomenclature of organic compounds, purification methods, distillation, crystallization, chromatography, empirical formula, molecular formular, alkanes, natural gas, petroleum crude oil, benzene, fractional distillation petrol quality, cracking, isomerization, petrochemicals, alkanols, alkanoic acid, alkenoate, fat, oils, amino acid, polymer chemistry, polymerization processes, condensation polymerization, resins, natural polymers, carbohydrates, proteins, synthetic polymers, water pollution

Topics: Organic Chemistry, periodic table, bonding, Lewis structures, isomers, octet rule, hybridization, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, bond length, bond strength, Electronegativity, Bond Polarity, oxybenzone, Brønsted–Lowry Acids, Brønsted–Lowry Bases, acid strength, Aspirin, organic molecules, functional groups, intermolecular forces, alkanes, cycloalkanes, Substituted Cycloalkanes, lipids, Stereochemistry, starch, cellulose, glass chemistry, chiral molecules, achiral molecules, Disastereomers, meso compounds, Disubstituted Cycloalkanes, isomers, Enantiomers, organic reactions, bond breaking, bond making, Bond Dissociation Energy, thermodynamics, Enthalpy, Entropy, energy diagrams, kinetics, catalysts, enzymes, Alkyl Halides, Nucleophilic Substitution, Polar Carbon–Halogen Bond, nucleophile, Carbocation Stability, Hammond postulate, Biological Nucleophilic Substitution, Vinyl Halides, Aryl Halides, Organic Synthesis, elimination reactions, Alcohols, Ethers, Carbocation Rearrangements, Tosylate, Thials, sulfides, Alkenes, Addition Reactions, Hydrohalogenation, Lipids, Markovnikov's Rule, Halohydrin Formation, Epoxidation, alkenes, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, electromagnetic radiations, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, radical reactions, Conjugated Dienes, Electron Delocalization, Diels–Alder Reaction, Benzene, Aromatic Compounds, Benzene's Unusual Stability, Buckminsterfullerene, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Friedel–Crafts Alkylation, Friedel–Crafts Acylation, Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Carbonyl Chemistry, Organometallic Reagents, Aldehydes, Keton, Nucleophilic Addition, Carboxylic Acids, Nitriles, Aspirin, Arachidonic Acid, Prostaglandins, enols

Topics: Inorganic chemistry, atomic structure, atomic orbitals, molecular structure, bonding, Lewis structure, valence bond theory, Molecular orbital theory, ionic solids, ionic bonding, semiconduction, acid, base, Brønsted acidity, Lewis acidity, oxidation, reduction, reduction potentials, redox stability, Molecular symmetry, isomerism, coordination compounds, chirality, spectroscopy, chemical analysis, Magnetometry, periodic trends, Group 1 elements, Group 2 elements, hydrogen, Group 13 elements, Group 15 elements, Group 14 elements, Group 16 elements, d-Block elements, Representative compounds, Electronic spectra, Magnetism, Coordination chemistry, Ligand substitution reactions, Ligand substitution, Redox reactions, Photochemical reactions, Lanthanoid chemistry, Actinoid chemistry, ligands, Solid-state chemistry, materials chemistry, Metal oxides, nitrides, fluorides, Chalcogenides, intercalation compounds, Hydrides, inorganic pigments, Semiconductor chemistry, Molecular materials, fullerides, catalysis, Homogeneous catalysis, Heterogeneous catalysis, Hybrid catalysis, Characterization, fabrication, Nanomaterials, nanoscience, nanotechnology, Self-assembled nanostructures, Bioinorganic nanomaterials, Biological inorganic chemistry, Catalytic processes, Biological cycles, Chelation therapy, nitrogen cycle, hydrogen cycle, acid-base catalysis, Tethered catalysts, Electrocatalysis, Alkene polymerization, Ammonia synthesis, Hydroformylation, Alkene metathesis

Topics: atomic structure, bonding, periodic table, ionic bond, covalent bond, metallic bond, coordination bond, hydrogen, hydride, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, chalcogen, group 2 element, group 13 element, S-block element, P-block element, group 14 element, group 15 element, group 16 element, halogen, group 17 element, halogen oxide, noble gas, transition element, scandium group, titanium group, vanadium group, chromium group, manganese group, iron group, cobalt group, nickel group, copper group, zinc group, Bohr theory, Pauli exclusion principle, atomic spectra, Hund rule, solubility, conductivity, lattice energy, stochiometric defect, schottky defect, Lewis theory, octet rule, sidgwick-powell theory, VSEPR theory, isoelectronic principle, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, radial function, angular function

Topics: Organic Chemistry, chemical bond, quantum mechanics, atomic orbitals, electronic configuration, Pauli exclusion principle, molecular orbitals, covalent bond, hybrid orbitals, intramolecular forces, bond dissociation energy, homolysis, heterolysis, bonds polarity, melting point, intermolecular force, boiling point, solubility, acids, bases, isomerism, activation energy, hydrocarbons, methane structure, oxidation, heat of combustion, chlorination control, relative reactivity, reaction mechanisms, chlorination, free radicals, chain reactions inhibitors, transition state, molecular formula, chlorofluorocarbons, qualitative elemental analysis, quantitative elemental analysis, Alkene, free-radical substitution, ethane structure, Higher alkanes, alkyl groups, industrial source, Grignard reagent, halogenation, free radical stability, combustion, greenhouse effect, pyrolysis, cracking, alkane analysis, stereochemistry, stereoisomers, isomer number, tetrahedral carbon, optical activity, plane-polarized light, polarimeter, specific rotation, enantiomerism, chirality, chiral center, enantiomers, racemic modification, Diastereomers, meso structures, conformational isomers, optical purity, Alkyl halides, Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution, homolytic chemistry, heterolytic chemistry, Carbocations, Carbocations structure, alkyl halides analysis, alcohols, ethers, alcohol nomenclature, carbohydrates fermentation, Ethanol, alcohol preparation, alcohol reaction, alcohol oxidation, ethers preparation, Secondary Bonding, carbon-carbon double bond, Unsaturated hydrocarbon, ethylene structure, Propylene, Hybridization, orbital size, butylene, Geometric isomerism, alcohol dehydration, alkene reaction, hydrogen bromide addition, Hydrogenation, Electrophilic addition, Oxymercuration-demercuration, Hydroboration-oxidation, Alkene Free-radical polymerization, allylic Nucleophilic substitution, dienes, isoprene, isoprene rule, acetylene, Cyclic Aliphatic Compounds, cyclic compound stereoisomerism, cyclic ether, crown ethers, aromaticity, Benzene, aliphatic compounds, aromatic compounds, benzene structure, Kekule structure, Benzene ring, aromatic character, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, Naphthalene, Quantitative elemental analysis, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Friedel-Crafts alkylation mechanism, naphthalene electrophilic substitution, Aromatic-Aliphatic Compounds, Arenes, Spectroscopy, mass spectrum, electromagnetic spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, coupling consonants, chemical shift, aldehydes, ketones, Cannizaro reaction, Grignard reagents addition, Tetrahydropyranyl ethers, Iodoform test, Carboxylic Acids, Grignard synthesis, Dicarboxylic acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, amides, esters, Transesterification, Aldol condensation, Wittig reaction, Crossed Claisen condensation, halides, ammonolysis, amide Hofmann degradation, Heterocyclic amines

Topics: Applied Thermodynamics, Thermodynamics, steam, Internal Latent Heat, entropy, steam generators, boilers, steam boiler, Fire Tube Boilers, Water Tube Boilers, High Pressure Boilers, boiler mountings, draught, chimney, evaporative capacity, boiler efficiency, steam power cycles, Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, Modified Rankine cycle, Regenerative cycle, Reheat cycle, Binary vapour cycle, reciprocating steam engine, compound steam engines, Multi-Cylinder Engines, uniflow steam engine, steam nozzles, nozzle efficiency, steam injector, steam turbines, turbine efficiencies, reheating steam, steam turbine governing, steam turbine control, steam condensers, condensing plant, jet condensers, surface condensers, gas power cycles, air standard efficiency, dual combustion cycle, Atkinson cycle, Ericsson cycle, Brayton cycle, internal combustion engines, Four-Stroke Cycle Engines, Two-Stroke Cycle Engines, ignition system, fuel injection system, electronic fuel system, cooling system, lubrication systems, Performance Number, Combustion Chamber Design, octane number, Diesel Knock, cetane number, supercharging, dissociation, Engine Performance Curves, Wankel Rotary Combustion Engine, Stratified Charge Engines, Duel-Fuel Engines, air compressors, Reciprocating Compressors, volumetric efficiency, Multi-stage Compression, compressor performance, intercooler, Compressed Air Motors, Rotary Compressors, gas turbines, jet propulsion, Open Cycle Gas Turbines, Constant Volume Combustion Turbines, Gas Turbine Fuels, refrigeration, Air Refrigeration System, Simple Vapour Compression System, Vapour Absorption System, Refrigerants, Air-conditioning Systems, Air-conditioning, load estimation, Air Distribution

Topics: stoichiometry, mole concept, gases, reacting mass, reacting volume, atomic structure, nuclear atom, electron configuration, periodicity, periodic table, periodic trends, chemical bonding, chemical structure, ionic bonding, ionic structure, covalent bonding, covalent structures, intermolecular forces, metallic bonding, thermochemistry, Hess's law, bond enthalpies, chemical kinetics, collision theory, rate of reaction, equilibrium, acid, base, pH scale, strong acid, strong base, acid deposition, redox process, oxidation, reduction redox processes.electrochemical cells, organic chemistry, functional group chemistry, periodic table, transition metals, chemical bonding, chemical structure, hybridization, energy cycles, entropy, spontaneity, reaction mechanis, .activation energy, Lewis acid, Lewis base, organic chemistry

Topics: organic chemistry, bonding, homologous series, functional group, organic compounds classification, Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkanols, halogenoalkanes, alkanals, alkanones, alkanoic acid, alkanoates, acid chloride, acid anhydride, acid amide, amines, nitrides, cyclocompunds, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis

Topics: Hybridization, Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, VSEPR theory, Valence bond theory, molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combination

Topics: Qualitative analysis, organic compounds, hybridization, organic acids, organic bases, isomerism, organic reactions, isomerism, hydrocarbon chemistry, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, functional group chemistry, alcohol, phenol, ethers, thiols, thioethers, halohydrocarbons, amines, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbohydrate chemistry, amino acids, polypeptides, proteins, lipids, inorganic chemistry, bonding, transition elements, chemical industry, pollution

Topics: organic chemistry, carbon atoms, organic compounds, functional groups, fractional distillation, paper chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, gas chromatography, elemental analysis, ultraviolet spectroscopy, spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, isomerism, atomic orbital, petroleum, coal chemistry

Topics: Organic Chemistry, organic molecules, Lewis structures, hybridization, carbon, Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Topics: Transmission Electron Microscopy Diffraction, Imaging, Spectrometry, electron sources, field emission sources, photo-emission sources, direct-detection camera, ultrafast electron microscopy, temperature, electron diffraction, Spinodal alloys, phase identification, Ferritic steels, Convergent-Beam Electron Diffraction, Electron Crystallography, Charge-Density Mapping, Nano diffraction, digital micrograph, digital image processing, electron waves, interference waves, wave propagation, image wave formation, electron wave function, electron inference, Electron Holography, Focal-Series Reconstruction, image interpretation, image formation, electron tomography, density functional theory, X-ray excitation, EELS imaging

Topics: Organic Chemistry, alkanes, cycloalkanes, chirality, alcohols, alkyl halides, Nucleophilic Substitution, alkenes, elimination reactions, alkynes, free radicals, arenes, aromaticity, Nucleophilic Substitution. electrophilic Substitution, Spectroscopy, Organometallic Compounds, alcohols, diols, thiols, Ethers, Epoxides, Sulfides, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution, enols, enotates, Amines, Carbohydrates, lipid amino acids, peptides, proteins, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, Synthetic Polymers, ionic bonds, covalet bonds, Lewis formula, octet rules

Topics: Natural Products Chemistry Sources, Natural Products Separations, Natural Products Structures, metabolites, Ethnobotany, marine sources, animal sources, venoms, toxins, Water-Steam Distillation, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Solvent Partitioning, Refined Isolation Techniques, Chromatography, Polar Compounds separations, charcoal reverse phase resins, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Capillary Electrophoresis, Polyamide Gel Chromatography, Size-Exclusion Chromatography, Structure Elucidation, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Circular Dichroism, X-Ray Crystallography, isomers, building blocks, Terpenes, Isoprene Rule, Shikimate Pathway, Mevalonate Pathway, Polyketides, Carbohydrates, sugar, fat, Fructose, sugar complexity, Glucose, Disaccharide Sucrose, Polysaccharides, Galactomannan, Polysaccharides Immuno Properties, Echinacea, Ganoderma, mushroom Polysaccharides, fats, lipids, soaps, detergents, waxes, Triglycerides, Glycols, fatty acids, omega oils sources, fish oil Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes, Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, Flavones, Isoflavones, Flavone Glycosides, Anthocyanins, Tannins, Lignin, Lignans, Lignan Structural Units, Phytoestrogens, Nitrogen-Containing Compounds, Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids, proteins components, Protein–Peptide Building Blocks, amino acids detection, Indoles, Alkaloids, Nucleic Acids, protein sythesis, Euphorics, morphine, morphine isolation, codeine, heroin, Cannabis, cocaine, Anti-Infectives, Antimicrobial β-Lactams, Penicillin isolation, Cephalosporin, Cephalosporin C isolation, Monobactams, Nocardicins, Carbapenem, Thienamycin isolation, Antibiotic Macrolides, Erythromycin, Antiparasitic Drugs, Avermectins, Tetracyclines, Statin drugs, steroids, Neem oil, Antimalarial Drugs, Quinine, Artemisinin, Anticancer Drug, Bryostatins, Carotenoids, β-Carotene, β-Carotene isolation, Lutein isolation, Zeaxanthin, Zeaxanthin isolation, Lycopene, Lycopene isolation, Vitamin C, Vitamin C isolation, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin B6, Sweeteners, Xylitol, Aspartame, Sucralose, Stevia, Licorice, Agave, spices, tea, Tea Catechins, tea growing, Theaflavins, Toxic Mushroom, Marine Toxins, Conus Snail Toxins, Poisonous Frogs

Topics: Nature of Organic compounds, Organic compounds, carbon compounds, organic chemistry, column chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, halogeno compounds, halogenoalkanes, alcohols, phenols, ethers

Topics: chemical combination laws, Dalton's atomic theory, atomic masses, molecular mass, empirical formula, molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, atomic number, isotopes, isobars, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum numbers, Pauli exclusion, Hund's rules, atom electronic configuration, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence, valence electrons, chemical bonding, molecular structure, ionic bond, covalent bond, Lewis structure, valence bond theory, VSEPR theory, Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, thermodynamics, equilibrium, Redox reaction, hydrogen, Alkali earth metals, alkaline earth metals, organic chemistry, hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, Benzene, aromacity, environmental chemistry, solid state, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, surface chemistry, coordination compounds, Haloalkanes, alcohols, phenols, ethers, Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, cyanides, Diazonium, salts, biomolecules, carbohydrates, proteins, hormones, vitamins, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, polymers

Topics: atomic structure, atomic number, atomic mass, functional group, acid base, alkane, cycloalkane, stereochemistry, alkene, reaction mechanism, alkyne, characterization, organohalide, Nucleophilic substituition, elimination reaction, alchol, ether, sulfur, aromatic compound, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, carbonyl compound, octet rule, lewis structure, oribital shape, quantum mechanics, bond formation, valence bond theory, electronegativity, dipole moment, resonance structure, isomer, chiral compound, enantiomer, diastereomer, fisher projection, stereoisomer, thermodynamics, kinetics, carbocation, stereochemistry, Markovnikov rule, Hammond postulate, chromatography, spectroscopy

Topics: reaction, bonding, ionic bond, covalent bond, sigma bond, pi bond, isomerism, chain isomerism, position isomerism, functional group isomerism, stereoisomerism, geometrical isomerism

Topics: Alkylation of Enolates, Alkylation of Carbon Nucleophiles, Reactions of Carbon Nucleophiles with Carbonyl Compounds, functional group interconversion, Electrophilic Additions, Electrophilic Cyclization, Reduction of Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds, Concerted Cycloadditions, Unimolecular Rearrangements, Thermal Eliminations, Organometallic Compounds, Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions, Organoboron Compounds, Organosilicon Compounds, Organotin Compounds, Aromatic Substitution Reactions, Oxidations, Multistep Syntheses